Lair inflammable selon lavoisier biography

During the s, Lavoisier extended his oxygen theory to include respiration and the composition of water.

Lair inflammable selon lavoisier biography

He and Pierre-Simon de Laplace — did a series of experiments on living things in which they found that a guinea pig , like a candle flame, generated both heat and carbon dioxide. Influenced by the experiments of English chemist Henry Cavendish — on "inflammable air," whose combustion produced water, Lavoisier argued that water is actually a compound of two gases, hydrogen his name for "inflammable air" and oxygen.

Although Lavoisier denigrated Cavendish's interpretation of his discovery in terms of the phlogiston theory , modern scholars, while admitting the superiority of Lavoisier's explanation, think that he went too far in claiming that he should be credited with the discovery of water's compound nature. To help establish his new oxygen theory, Lavoisier and his principal French followers published a book on chemical nomenclature that helped establish a new and clearer language for chemistry.

This first textbook of the new chemistry contained a table of elements and the first clear statement of the law of the conservation of matter. During the final five years of his life, Lavoisier participated in the development and implementation of the metric system , improved French gunpowder, suggested hospital and prison reforms, and published influential papers on experimental farming and economics.

Despite his services to science and the state, he was unfortunate in being a political moderate at a time of extremists. In , during the Reign of Terror , he and many other tax farmers were guillotined. Neither his head nor his body has ever been found. Duveen, Denis I. London, This book, whose goal was to gather information on all Lavoisier's publications, had to be supplemented with another work published in , which also included items written about Lavoisier up to Lavoisier, Antoine-Laurent.

Oeuvres de Lavoisier. Paris, Donovan, Arthur. Antoine Lavoisier: Science, Administration, and Revolution. Cambridge, U. A comprehensive biography of the scientist and public figure for general readers. Lavoisier: Chemist, Biologist, Economist. Translated by Rebecca Balinski. Philadelphia, When this biography was published in French in , some reviewers stated that it supplanted all previous biographies and became the standard treatment of Lavoisier's life and work.

A ntoine Lavoisier is regarded as the founder of modern chemistry. Although he made few discoveries of new substances or processes, his work in chemical theory provided a synthesis of the discoveries of his contemporaries and a framework upon which subsequent work could be based. He is perhaps best known for his discovery of the role that oxygen plays in combustion, his statement of the conservation of matter in chemical reactions, his clarification of the difference between elements and compounds molecules , and his part in the development of the modern system of chemical nomenclature.

The son of a prosperous lawyer, Lavoisier was educated at the College Mazarin, where he began his scientific studies after initially studying law. His early scientific publications led to his election to the Royal Academy of Sciences in , at age His father bought a title of nobility for him in , and he became a member of the Farmers-General, a private company that collected taxes for the royal government.

His personal wealth and political influence grew, and as a member of the Gunpowder Commission, he lived in the Paris Arsenal, where he set up a private laboratory to test the results of chemical experiments performed by others and to carry out his own. In he was appointed Secretary of the Treasury. Even though Lavoisier was involved in social reforms, such as old age pensions, and supported liberal political causes, after the revolution he was regarded with suspicion because of his previous close connection with the royal government.

He was arrested and imprisoned in , tried, and executed by guillotine in Lavoisier's contribution to the founding of modern chemistry was principally in the area of theory. He confirmed, consolidated, extended, and explained the many new discoveries made by his contemporaries on the European continent and in England, especially those of Joseph Black , Henry Cavendish , and Joseph Priestley The result was a new theoretical understanding of chemical processes that provided the framework for the development of chemistry as a modern science.

Lavoisier discovered the part that oxygen plays in combustion burning and developed a theory that explained combustion, the oxidation of metals, and respiration as all being similar reactions of chemical substances with oxygen gas. Additionally, his theory of combustion discredited the phlogiston theory , which had been a major detriment to scientific progress.

Although not the first to employ careful quantitative methods in the study of chemical processes, his endorsement and use of them was significant in the development of chemistry as a quantitative physical science. The use of a calorimeter by Lavoisier and Pierre Simon Laplace to measure specific heats and heats of reaction was an important step in the founding of thermochemistry.

Lavoisier was also the first to realize that all substances can exist in three states—gas, liquid, and solid. He played a significant part in the development of the metric system and in revolutionizing the nomenclature of chemical substances, both of which are still in use today in much the same form. In this new system of nomenclature, the name of a substance indicates the elements of which it is made.

Despite his brilliance and the enormous contributions he made to the founding of modern chemistry, Lavoisier was far from perfect. He was constantly enmeshed in disputes in which he claimed to be the first to make various discoveries, though his claims of priority had no basis in fact. He used the results of other scientists freely, often without acknowledging their work.

Perhaps his contribution would have been even greater had he been more willing to work with his scientific contemporaries with greater cooperation and mutual appreciation. Antoine Laurent Lavoisier gale. Learn more about citation styles Citation styles Encyclopedia. Lavoisier, Antoine gale. Lydia S. Scratch Bibliography Donovan, Arthur Internet Resources Beretta, Marco, ed.

Secondary Sources Donovan, Arthur. Robert J. Lavoisier, Antoine Laurent oxford. Lavoisier, Antoine Laurent —94 French chemist who founded modern chemistry. He demolished the phlogiston theory which said that phlogiston was lost during combustion by demonstrating the function of oxygen in combustion. He named oxygen and hydrogen, and showed how they combined to form water.

In collaboration with Claude Berthollet, he published Methods of Chemical Nomenclature , which laid down the modern method of naming substances. More From encyclopedia. Updated Aug 13 About encyclopedia. Antoine et Antoinette. Antoine de Bruni Charts the Tasmanian Coast. Antofagasta plc. Antlions, Lacewings, and Relatives: Neuroptera. Antlers and Horns.

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Antoine, Nicolas. Antoine, Paul Gabriel. Antoine-Laurent de Jussieu. Antoinette of Bourbon — Antoinette of Luxemburg — Dumas, M. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, Lavoisier, A. Paris: Chez Cuchet, Reprinted Bruxelles: Cultures et Civilisations, Branch of Science. Lavoisier, Antoine French chemist who, through a conscious revolution, became the father of modern chemistry.

As a student, he stated "I am young and avid for glory. He won a prize on lighting the streets of Paris, and designed a new method for preparing saltpeter. He also married a young, beautiful year-old girl named Marie-Anne, who translated from English for him and illustrated his books. Lavoisier demonstrated with careful measurements that transmutation of water to earth was not possible, but that the sediment observed from boiling water came from the container.

Cette nouvelle proposition ne pouvait que convenir aux chasseurs d'air britanniques. Le Phlogistique n'existe pas. Quand l'air vital devient "air acidifiant" : le principe oxygine. Notons cette date : 2 mai Le blog d'histoire des sciences. Priestley, Scheele, Lavoisier. Partager cet article. Repost 0. Ajouter un commentaire.