Kudeta sukarno biography

Krisis ekonomi yang parah pada saat itu menjadi kondisi yang menggerakkan massa, terutama mahasiswa, untuk mendesak Sukarno. Menyadari kekuasaan yang diraihnya berkat dukungan militer, Soeharto menjalankan kekuasaannya selama tiga dekade lebih dengan tangan besi. Dia membungkam kebebasan karena dapat mengancam kekuasaannya. Krisis ekonomi menjadi puncak gunung es ketidakpuasan terhadap pemerintah yang mendorong demonstrasi besar-besaran menuntut Soeharto mundur.

Soeharto mundur pada 21 Mei dan digantikan wakilnya, BJ Habibie. Selain itu, juga terdapat konsentrasi pasukan Prabowo di Patra Jasa Kuningan, di sekitar kediaman Habibie. Habibie memutuskan bahwa hal itu tidak bisa ditoleransi. Dia meminta Wiranto agar jabatan Panglima Kostrad diserahterimakan sebelum matahari tenggelam. Mengetahui dicopot, Prabowo bersenjata lengkap dengan pengawal selusin orang datang ke Istana untuk menghadap Habibie.

Sintong teringat berita tewasnya Presiden Korea Selatan Park Chung-hee menjabat karena ditembak dari jarak dekat oleh Jenderal Kim Jae-gyu dalam satu pertemuan di Istana Kepresidenan. Sintong memerintahkan seorang pengawal presiden untuk meminta Prabowo menyerahkan senjatanya. Prabowo menyerahkan pistol, magasen peluru, sebilah pisau rimba, dan peralatan lain.

Habibie hanya menjadi presiden selama setahun lima bulan karena pertanggungjawabannya ditolak MPR. Juru bicara Presiden Abdurrahman Wahid, Adhie Massardi, mengakui banyak mendengar rencana kudeta dari tentara karena Gus Dur berusaha mereformasi militer dan mengeluarkan militer dari politik dan bisnis. Pada akhir tahun , banyak elite politik yang kecewa dengan Gus Dur.

Menurut Adhie, pada Juni ketua-ketua partai politik mengadakan pertemuan di rumah Megawati di Kebagusan dengan agenda merancang kepemimpinan nasional. Noong Oktubre , pinalibutan ng mga dating gerilya ang palasyo ni Sukarno ng mga tangke, na hinihiling na buwagin ang parlamento. Si Sukarno ay lumabas na mag-isa at nagbigay ng talumpati, na nakumbinsi ang militar na umatras.

Ang mga bagong halalan noong ay walang nagawa upang mapabuti ang katatagan sa bansa, gayunpaman. Nahati ang Parlamento sa lahat ng iba't ibang pangkat na nag-aagawan at nangamba si Sukarno na gumuho ang buong edipisyo. Nadama ni Sukarno na kailangan niya ng higit na awtoridad at ang istilong Kanluraning demokrasya ay hindi kailanman gagana nang maayos sa pabagu-bagong Indonesia.

Sa kabila ng mga protesta mula kay Bise Presidente Hatta, noong inilabas niya ang kanyang plano para sa "guided democracy," kung saan si Sukarno, bilang pangulo, ay hahantong sa populasyon sa isang pinagkasunduan sa mga pambansang isyu. Noong Disyembre , nagbitiw si Hatta bilang pagsalungat sa tahasang pag-agaw ng kapangyarihang ito—isang pagkabigla sa mga mamamayan sa buong bansa.

Noong buwang iyon at noong Marso , pinatalsik ng mga kumander ng militar sa Sumatra at Sulawesi ang mga lokal na pamahalaan ng Republikano at kinuha ang kapangyarihan. Hiniling nila na ibalik si Hatta at wakasan ang impluwensya ng komunista sa pulitika. Tumugon si Sukarno sa pamamagitan ng paglalagay kay Djuanda Kartawidjaja bilang bise presidente, na sumang-ayon sa kanya sa "guided democracy," at pagdedeklara ng martial law noong Marso 14, Sa gitna ng lumalaking tensyon, nagpunta si Sukarno sa isang function ng paaralan sa Central Jakarta noong Nobyembre 30, Isang miyembro ng grupong Darul Islam ang nagtangkang patayin siya doon gamit ang isang granada.

Si Sukarno ay hindi nasaktan, ngunit anim na bata sa paaralan ang namatay. Hinigpitan ni Sukarno ang kanyang paghawak sa Indonesia, pinatalsik ang 40, mamamayang Dutch at ginawang bansa ang lahat ng kanilang ari-arian, gayundin ang mga korporasyong pag-aari ng Dutch tulad ng kumpanya ng langis ng Royal Dutch Shell. Nagtatag din siya ng mga alituntunin laban sa pagmamay-ari ng etniko-Intsik sa mga rural na lupain at mga negosyo, na pinilit ang libu-libong Chinese na lumipat sa mga lungsod at , na bumalik sa China.

Upang sugpuin ang pagsalungat ng militar sa mga malalayong isla, si Sukarno ay nakibahagi sa lahat ng pagsalakay sa himpapawid at dagat sa Sumatra at Sulawesi. Ang lahat ng mga rebeldeng pamahalaan ay sumuko sa simula ng , at ang huling mga tropang gerilya ay sumuko noong Agosto Noong Hulyo 5, , naglabas si Sukarno ng isang atas ng pangulo na nagpapawalang-bisa sa kasalukuyang Konstitusyon at muling ibinalik ang Konstitusyon, na nagbigay sa pangulo ng mas malawak na kapangyarihan.

Binuwag niya ang parlyamento noong Marso at lumikha ng isang bagong Parlamento, kung saan direktang hinirang niya ang kalahati ng mga miyembro. Inaresto at ikinulong ng militar ang mga miyembro ng oposisyong Islamist at sosyalistang partido at isinara ang isang pahayagan na bumabatikos kay Sukarno. Nagsimula rin ang pangulo na magdagdag ng mga komunista sa gobyerno upang hindi siya umasa lamang sa militar para sa suporta.

Bilang tugon sa mga hakbang na ito patungo sa autokrasya, hinarap ni Sukarno ang higit sa isang pagtatangkang pagpatay. Noong Marso 9, , isang opisyal ng Air Force ng Indonesia ang nag-straf sa palasyo ng pangulo gamit ang machine gun sa kanyang MiG, na hindi matagumpay na sinubukang patayin si Sukarno. Nang maglaon, binaril ng mga Islamista ang pangulo sa panahon ng mga panalangin ng Eid al-Adha noong , ngunit muli ay hindi nasaktan si Sukarno.

Noong , hinirang siya ng piniling Parlamento ni Sukarno bilang pangulo habang buhay. Bilang isang diktador, gumawa siya ng sarili niyang mga talumpati at mga sulatin na mandatoryong paksa para sa lahat ng mga estudyanteng Indonesian, at lahat ng mass media sa bansa ay kinakailangang mag-ulat lamang sa kanyang ideolohiya at mga aksyon.

Upang itaas ang kanyang kulto ng personalidad, pinalitan ni Sukarno ang pinakamataas na bundok sa bansa na "Puntjak Sukarno," o Sukarno Peak, sa kanyang sariling karangalan. Ikinagalit ng militar ang mabilis na paglago ng komunismo at nagsimulang makipag-alyansa sa mga pinunong Islamista, na hindi rin nagustuhan ang mga komunistang pro-atheism.

Nang maramdaman na ang militar ay lumalagong disillusioned, inalis ni Sukarno ang batas militar noong upang pigilan ang kapangyarihan ng Army. Noong Abril , tumaas ang labanan sa pagitan ng militar at mga komunista nang suportahan ni Sukarno ang panawagan ng pinunong komunista na si Aidit na armasan ang mga magsasaka ng Indonesia. Ang katalinuhan ng US at British ay maaaring o hindi maaaring magkaroon ng mga pakikipag-ugnayan sa militar sa Indonesia upang tuklasin ang posibilidad ng pagpapabagsak kay Sukarno.

Sa pagsikat ng araw noong Oktubre 1, , nakuha at pinatay ng maka-komunista na " 30 September Movement " ang anim na matataas na heneral ng Army. Sinabi ng kilusan na kumilos ito upang protektahan si Pangulong Sukarno mula sa isang napipintong kudeta ng Army. Inihayag nito ang paglusaw ng parlamento at ang paglikha ng isang "Rebolusyonaryong Konseho.

Kinuha ni Major General Suharto ng strategic reserve command ang Army noong Oktubre 2, na na-promote sa ranggo ng hepe ng hukbo ng isang nag-aatubili na Sukarno, at mabilis na napagtagumpayan ang komunistang kudeta. Si Suharto at ang kanyang mga kaalyado sa Islam ay nanguna sa paglilinis ng mga komunista at makakaliwa sa Indonesia, na pumatay ng hindi bababa sa , katao sa buong bansa at ikinulong ang 1.

Hinangad ni Sukarno na mapanatili ang kanyang kapangyarihan sa pamamagitan ng pag-apila sa mga tao sa radyo noong Enero Sementara itu, Sudarsono ngotot. Ia mengatakan beberapa orang pemimpin politik sipil yang ikut bersamanya bisa bersaksi bahwa surat itu benar-benar dari Soedirman. Sukarno dan Hatta sepakat bahwa yang dilakukan Sudarsono dan kawan-kawan politikus sipilnya adalah sebuah kudeta.

Sejarah mengenangnya sebagai Kudeta 3 Juli , kudeta pertama dalam sejarah Republik Indonesia. Mengenai pemimpin-pemimpin politik yang ikut Sudarsono, Soeharto tak menyebut secara jelas nama-nama mereka. Begitu juga dalam memoar Hatta, Mohammad Hatta Memoir Achmad Subardjo; Mr. Buntaran; Mr. Mohammad Yamin, dan Tan Malaka sebagai pemimpinnya.

Di antara nama-nama yang disebut itu, belakangan ada yang masih bisa menjadi menteri, bahkan digelari Pahlawan Nasional Republik Indonesia. Dari segi perlakuan terhadap pelaku kudeta, kudeta ini adalah kudeta yang penuh ampunan. Artikel ini pertama kali ditayangkan pada 3 Juli Kami melakukan penyuntingan ulang dan menerbitkannya kembali untuk rubrik Mozaik.

In August of that year, he broke off diplomatic relations with the Netherlands over the continuing failure to commence talks on the future of Netherlands New Guinea, as was agreed at the Dutch-Indonesian Round Table Conference of In April , the Dutch announced the formation of a Nieuw Guinea Raad , intending to create an independent Papuan state.

He then directed military incursions into the half-island, which he referred to as West Irian. A naval battle erupted in January when four Indonesian torpedo boats were intercepted by Dutch ships and planes off the coast of Vlakke Hoek. In February U. Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy travelled to the Netherlands and informed the government that the United States would not support the Netherlands in an armed conflict with Indonesia.

With Soviet armaments and advisors, Sukarno planned a large-scale air- and sea-borne invasion of the Dutch military headquarters of Biak for August , called Operasi Djajawidjaja. It was to be led by Major-General Suharto. Despite Sukarno's political overtures, which found some support when leftist political elements in British Borneo territories Sarawak and Brunei opposed the Federation plan and aligned themselves with Sukarno, Malaysia was established in September Sukarno's proclaimed objective was not, as some alleged, to annex Sabah and Sarawak into Indonesia, but to establish a "State of North Kalimantan" under the control of the North Kalimantan Communist Party.

From until early , a limited number of Indonesian soldiers, civilians, and Malaysian communist guerrillas were sent into North Borneo and the Malay Peninsula. These forces fought against British and Commonwealth soldiers deployed to protect the nascent state of Malaysia. Indonesian agents also exploded several bombs in Singapore.

Domestically, Sukarno fomented anti-British sentiment, and the British Embassy was burned down. In , all British companies operating in the country, including Indonesian operations of the Chartered Bank and Unilever , were nationalised. The confrontation came to a climax during August , when Sukarno authorised landings of Indonesian troops at Pontian and Labis on the Malaysian mainland, and all-out war seemed inevitable as tensions escalated.

However, the situation calmed by mid-September at the culmination of the Sunda Straits Crisis , and after the disastrous Battle of Plaman Mapu in April , Indonesian raids into Sarawak became fewer and weaker. In , Sukarno commenced an anti-American campaign, which was motivated by his shift towards the communist bloc and less friendly relations with the Lyndon Johnson administration.

American interests and businesses in Indonesia were denounced by government officials and attacked by PKI-led mobs. American movies were banned, American books and Beatles albums were burned, and the Indonesian band Koes Plus was jailed for playing American-style rock and roll music. As the NAM countries were splitting into different factions, and as fewer countries were willing to support his anti-Western foreign policies, Sukarno began to abandon his non-alignment rhetoric.

With the government heavily indebted to the Soviet Union, Indonesia became increasingly dependent on China for support. Domestically, Sukarno continued to consolidate his control. His ideological writings on Manipol-USDEK and Nasakom became mandatory subjects in schools and universities, while his speeches were to be memorised and discussed by all students.

All newspapers, the only radio station RRI , government-run , and the only television station TVRI , also government-run were made into "tools of the revolution" and functioned to spread Sukarno's messages. Sukarno developed a personality cult , with the capital of newly acquired West Irian renamed to Sukarnapura and the highest peak in the country was renamed from Carstensz Pyramid to Puntjak Sukarno Sukarno Peak.

Despite these appearances of unchallenged control, Sukarno's guided democracy stood on fragile grounds due to the inherent conflict between its two underlying support pillars, the military and the communists. The military, nationalists, and the Islamic groups were shocked by the rapid growth of the communist party under Sukarno's protection.

They feared an imminent establishment of a communist state in Indonesia. The PKI had become the strongest party in Indonesia. The military and nationalists were growing wary of Sukarno's close alliance with communist China, which they thought compromised Indonesia's sovereignty. Elements of the military disagreed with Sukarno's policy of confrontation with Malaysia, which in their view only benefited communists, and sent several officers including future armed forces Chief Leonardus Benjamin Moerdani to spread secret peace-feelers to the Malaysian government.

The Islamic clerics, who were mostly landowners, felt threatened by PKI's land confiscation actions aksi sepihak in the countryside and by the communist campaign against the "seven village devils", a term used for landlords or better-off farmers similar to the anti- kulak campaign in Stalinist era. Both groups harboured deep disdain for PKI in particular due to memories of the bloody communist rebellion.

The PKI had been very careful to support all of Sukarno's policies. Meanwhile, Sukarno saw the PKI as the best-organized and ideologically solid party in Indonesia, and a useful conduit to gain more military and financial aid from Communist Bloc countries. Sukarno also sympathised with the communists' revolutionary ideals, which were similar to his own.

To weaken the influence of the military, Sukarno rescinded martial law which gave wide-ranging powers to the military in In September , he "promoted" the powerful General Nasution to the less-influential position of armed forces chief, while the influential position of army chief was given to Sukarno's loyalist Ahmad Yani. Meanwhile, the position of air force chief was given to Omar Dhani , who was an open communist sympathiser.

In May , Sukarno banned the activities of Manifesto Kebudajaan Manikebu , an association of artists and writers which included prominent Indonesian writers such as Hans Bague Jassin and Wiratmo Soekito, who were also dismissed from their jobs. Tensions between the military and communists increased in April , when PKI chairman Aidit called for the formation of a " fifth armed force " consisting of armed peasants and labourers.

Sukarno approved this idea and publicly called for the immediate formation of such a force on 17 May Soon afterwards, on 29 May, the " Gilchrist Letter " appeared. The letter was supposedly written by the British ambassador Andrew Gilchrist to the Foreign Office in London, mentioning a joint American and British attempt on subversion in Indonesia with the help of "local army friends.

The Czechoslovakian agent Ladislav Bittman , who defected in , claimed that his agency StB forged the letter on request from PKI via the Soviet Union to smear anti-communist generals. On his independence day speech of 17 August , Sukarno declared his intention to commit Indonesia to an anti-imperialist alliance with China and other communist regimes and warned the army not to interfere.

He also stated his support for the establishment of a "fifth force" of armed peasants and labourers. While Sukarno devoted his energy to domestic and international politics, the economy of Indonesia was neglected and deteriorated rapidly. Smuggling and the collapse of export plantation sectors deprived the government of much-needed foreign exchange income.

Consequently, the government was unable to service massive foreign debts it had accumulated from both Western and Communist bloc countries. Most of the government budget was spent on the military, resulting in deterioration of infrastructures such as roads, railways, ports, and other public facilities.

Kudeta sukarno biography

Deteriorating transportation infrastructure and poor harvests caused food shortages in many places. Sukarno himself was contemptuous of macroeconomics and was unable and unwilling to provide practical solutions to the poor economic condition of the country. Instead, he produced more ideological conceptions such as Trisakti : political sovereignty, economic self-sufficiency, and cultural independence.

He advocated Indonesians "standing on their own feet" Berdikari and achieving economic self-sufficiency, free from foreign influence. Towards the end of his rule, Sukarno's lack of interest in economics created a distance between himself and the Indonesian people, who were suffering economically. On the dawn of 1 October , six of Indonesia's most senior army generals were kidnapped and murdered by a movement calling themselves the " 30 September Movement " G30S.

Among those killed was Yani, while Nasution narrowly escaped, but the movement kidnapped First Lieutenant Pierre Tendean , his adjutant, presumably mistaking him for Nasution in the darkness. They broadcast a statement declaring the kidnappings were meant to protect Sukarno from a coup attempt by CIA-influenced generals. Later, it broadcast news of the disbandment of Sukarno's cabinet, to be replaced by a "Revolutionary Council.

Major General Suharto, commander of the military's strategic reserve command, took control of the army the following morning. By the following day, it was clear that the incompetently organized and poorly coordinated coup had failed. Sukarno's obedience to Suharto's 1 October ultimatum to leave Halim is seen as changing all power relationships.

In early October , a military propaganda campaign began to sweep the country, successfully convincing both Indonesian and international audiences that it was a communist coup, and that the murders were cowardly atrocities against Indonesian heroes since those who were shot were veteran military officers. Leading PKI members were immediately arrested, some summarily executed.

Aidit was captured and killed in November As a result of the purge, one of Sukarno's three pillars of support, the PKI, had been effectively eliminated by the other two, the military and political Islam. The killings and the failure of his tenuous "revolution" distressed Sukarno, and he tried unsuccessfully to protect the PKI by referring to the generals' killings as een rimpeltje in de oceaan "ripple in the sea of the revolution".

He tried to maintain his influence appealing in a January broadcast for the country to follow him. Subandrio sought to create a Sukarnoist column Barisan Sukarno , which was undermined by Suharto's pledge of loyalty to Sukarno and the concurrent instruction for all those loyal to Sukarno to announce their support for the army. On 1 October , Sukarno appointed General Pranoto Reksosamudro as army chief to replace the deceased Yani, but he was forced to give this position to Suharto two weeks later.

In February , Sukarno reshuffled his cabinet, sacking Nasution as defense minister and abolishing his position of armed forces chief of staff, but Nasution refused to step down. Beginning in January , university students started demonstrating against Sukarno, demanding the disbandment of PKI and for the government to control spiralling inflation.

In February , student demonstrators in front of Merdeka Palace were shot at by Presidential Guards, killing the student Arief Rachman Hakim, who was quickly turned into a martyr by student demonstrators. A meeting of Sukarno's full cabinet was held at the Merdeka Palace on 11 March As students were demonstrating against the administration, unidentified troops began to assemble outside.

Sukarno, Subandrio and another minister immediately left the meeting and went to the Bogor Palace by helicopter. Through the order, Sukarno assigned Suharto to "take all measures considered necessary to guarantee security, calm and stability of the government and the revolution and to guarantee the personal safety and authority [of Sukarno]".

The authorship of the document, and whether Sukarno was forced to sign, perhaps even at gunpoint, is a point of historical debate. The effect of the order, however, was the transfer of most presidential authority to Suharto. On 22 June , Sukarno made his Nawaksara speech in front of the MPRS, now purged of communist and pro-Sukarno elements, in an unsuccessful last-ditch attempt to defend himself and his guided democracy system.

In August , over Sukarno's objections, Indonesia ended its confrontation with Malaysia and rejoined the United Nations. Following another unsuccessful accountability speech Nawaksara Addendum on 10 January , Sukarno relinquished his executive powers to Suharto on 20 February while remaining nominally as titular president. He was finally stripped of his president for life title by the MPRS on 12 March in a session chaired by his former ally, Nasution.

On the same day, the MPR named Suharto acting president. He was buried in Blitar , East Java. Sukarno was of Javanese and Balinese descent. He married Siti Oetari in , and divorced her in to marry Inggit Garnasih [ id ] , whom he divorced in about to marry Fatmawati. Fatmawati was outraged by this fourth marriage and left Sukarno and their children, although they never officially divorced.

In , Sukarno married Maharani Wisma Susana Siregar , an independence veteran from Liverpool who was 23 years his junior, and divorced in Before his marriage to Fatmawati, Sukarno was married and had a daughter, Rukmini , who later became an opera singer in Italy. Her younger brother Guruh Sukarnoputra born has inherited Sukarno's artistic bent and is a choreographer and songwriter , who made a movie Untukmu, Indonesiaku For You, My Indonesia about Indonesian culture.

His siblings Guntur Sukarnoputra, Rachmawati Sukarnoputri , and Sukmawati Sukarnoputri have all been active in politics. Sukarno had a daughter named Kartika by Dewi Sukarno. Sukarno was awarded twenty-six honorary doctorates from various international universities including Columbia University , the University of Michigan , the University of Berlin , the Al-Azhar University, the University of Belgrade, the Lomonosov University and many more, and also from domestic universities including Gadjah Mada University , the University of Indonesia , the Bandung Institute of Technology , Hasanuddin University , and Padjadjaran University.

He was often referred to by the Indonesian government at the time as 'Dr. Soekarno,' [ 88 ] combined with his degree in civil engineering Ir. Afghanistan :. Argentina :. Australia :. Bolivia :. Brazil :. Bulgaria :. Czechoslovakia :. Germany :. Holy See :. Hungary :. Japan :. Morocco :. Philippines :. Portugal :. South Africa :.

Soviet Union :. Thailand :. Vietnam :. Yugoslavia :. Contents move to sidebar hide. Article Talk. Read Edit View history. Tools Tools. Download as PDF Printable version. In other projects. Wikimedia Commons Wikiquote Wikisource Wikidata item. President of Indonesia from to For the Indonesian film, see Soekarno film. In this Indonesian name , there is no family name nor a patronymic.

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Official portrait, c. See list. De facto self-appointed. Siti Oetari. Inggit Garnasih. Wisma Susana Siregar. Saliku Maesaroh. Kartini Manoppo. Ratna Sari Dewi.

Amelia Amante. Yurike Sanger. Heldy Djafar. Sukarno's voice. Sukarno reading the Proclamation of Indonesian Independence Recorded c. This article is part of a series about. Domestic policy. Foreign policy. Indonesia Menggugat Tahun Vivere Pericoloso. Media and legacy. Name [ edit ]. Early life and family [ edit ]. Education [ edit ].

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