Debian bonnerjee biography of albert einstein

We may earn commission from links on this page, but we only recommend products we back. Albert Einstein was a German mathematician and physicist who developed the special and general theories of relativity. In , he won the Nobel Prize in Physics for his explanation of the photoelectric effect. In the following decade, he immigrated to the United States after being targeted by the German Nazi Party.

His work also had a major impact on the development of atomic energy. In his later years, Einstein focused on unified field theory. He died in April at age With his passion for inquiry, Einstein is generally considered the most influential physicist of the 20 th century. He grew up in a secular Jewish family. His father, Hermann Einstein, was a salesman and engineer who, with his brother, founded Elektrotechnische Fabrik J.

Einstein had one sister, Maja, born two years after him. Einstein attended elementary school at the Luitpold Gymnasium in Munich. He also had what were considered speech challenges. However, he developed a passion for classical music and playing the violin, which would stay with him into his later years. Toward the end of the s, Max Talmud, a Polish medical student who sometimes dined with the Einstein family, became an informal tutor to young Einstein.

Hermann relocated the family to Milan, Italy, in the mids after his business lost out on a major contract. Einstein was eventually able to gain admission into the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich, specifically due to his superb mathematics and physics scores on the entrance exam.

Debian bonnerjee biography of albert einstein

He was still required to complete his pre-university education first and thus attended a high school in Aarau, Switzerland, helmed by Jost Winteler. Einstein later renounced his German citizenship and became a Swiss citizen at the dawn of the new century. The maximum score of the current version is , with an IQ of or higher ranking in the 99 th percentile.

Magazine columnist Marilyn vos Savant has the highest-ever recorded IQ at and was featured in the Guinness Book of World Records in the late s. However, Guinness discontinued the category because of debates about testing accuracy. After graduating from university, Einstein faced major challenges in terms of finding academic positions, having alienated some professors over not attending class more regularly in lieu of studying independently.

Einstein eventually found steady work in after receiving a referral for a clerk position in a Swiss patent office. While working at the patent office, Einstein had the time to further explore ideas that had taken hold during his university studies and thus cemented his theorems on what would be known as the principle of relativity. Two focused on the photoelectric effect and Brownian motion.

The theory explains that space and time are actually connected, and Einstein called this joint structure space-time. Einstein considered this theory the culmination of his life research. It also offered a more expansive, nuanced explanation of how gravitational forces worked. Texts Video icon An illustration of two cells of a film strip.

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Marriages, relationships and children. Resident scholar at the Institute for Advanced Study. Main article: Political views of Albert Einstein. Relationship with Zionism. Religious and philosophical views. Main article: Religious and philosophical views of Albert Einstein. Thermodynamic fluctuations and statistical physics. Main articles: Statistical mechanics , thermal fluctuations , and statistical physics.

Theory of critical opalescence. Main article: Critical opalescence. Main article: History of special relativity. General relativity and the equivalence principle. Main article: History of general relativity. See also: Theory of relativity and Einstein field equations. Hole argument and Entwurf theory. Main article: Physical cosmology. Energy momentum pseudotensor.

Main article: Stress—energy—momentum pseudotensor. Einstein—Cartan theory. Main article: Einstein—Cartan theory. Main article: Einstein—Infeld—Hoffmann equations. Main article: Old quantum theory. Photons and energy quanta. Quantized atomic vibrations. Main article: Einstein solid. Bose—Einstein statistics. Main article: Bose—Einstein statistics.

Wave—particle duality. Einstein's objections to quantum mechanics. Main article: Bohr—Einstein debates. Einstein—Podolsky—Rosen paradox. Main article: EPR paradox. Main article: Classical unified field theories. Main article: Einstein's unsuccessful investigations. Collaboration with other scientists. Einstein—de Haas experiment. Main article: Einstein—de Haas effect.

Main article: Albert Einstein in popular culture. Main article: List of awards and honors received by Albert Einstein. Further information: List of scientific publications by Albert Einstein. Einstein, Albert [Completed 13 December and manuscript received 16 December ]. Written at Zurich, Switzerland. Paul Karl Ludwig Drude ed. Annalen der Physik.

Vierte Folge in German. Bibcode : AnP Einstein, Albert a [Completed 17 March and submitted 18 March ]. Written at Berne, Switzerland. Einstein, Albert b [Completed 30 April ]. Berne, Switzerland: Wyss Buchdruckerei published 20 July Einstein, Albert c [Manuscript received: 11 May ]. Einstein, Albert d [Manuscript received 30 June ]. Annalen der Physik Submitted manuscript.

Einstein, Albert e [Manuscript received 27 September ]. Einstein, Albert [Completed 25 November ]. Sitzungsberichte in German. Einstein, Albert [Issued 29 June ]. Sitzungsberichte Bibcode : SPAW Einstein, Albert a. Einstein, Albert b. Physikalische Zeitschrift in German. Bibcode : PhyZ Einstein, Albert 31 January Retrieved 14 November Einstein, Albert [First published , in English ].

Written at Gothenburg. Nobel Lectures, Physics — in German and English. Stockholm: Nobelprice. Einstein, Albert [Published 10 July ]. Archived from the original Online page images on 14 October First of a series of papers on this topic. Written at Berlin. Die Naturwissenschaften in German. Heidelberg, Germany: — Bibcode : NW ISSN S2CID Translated by Cowper, A.

US: Dover Publications published ISBN Retrieved 4 January Einstein, Albert Sonderasugabe aus den Sitzungsb. Einstein, A. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. Bibcode : PNAS PMC PMID Einstein, Albert; Rosen, Nathan Physical Review. Bibcode : PhRv Physical Review Submitted manuscript. Scientific American. Bibcode : SciAm. Ideas and Opinions.

New York: Crown Publishers. New York: Three Rivers Press. Munich: Nymphenburger Verlagshandlung. Stachel, John ; Martin J. Klein; A. Kox; Michel Janssen; R. Schulmann; Diana Komos Buchwald; et al. The Collected Papers of Albert Einstein. Princeton University Press. Further information about the volumes published so far can be found on the webpages of the Einstein Papers Project [ ] and on the Princeton University Press Einstein Page.

Einstein, Albert; et al. The New York Times. Melville, New York. Archived from the original on 17 December Retrieved 25 May Einstein, Albert May Sweezy, Paul; Huberman, Leo eds. Monthly Review. Reprise ". New York: Monthly Review Foundation. Archived from the original on 11 January Retrieved 16 January — via MonthlyReview. Einstein, Albert September Introduction by Bharatan Kumarappa.

Ahmedabad: Navajivan Publishing House. OCLC Foreword originally written in April Autobiographical Notes. Paul Arthur Schilpp Centennial ed. Chicago: Open Court. The chasing a light beam thought experiment is described on pages 48— The center was once the Palmer Physical Laboratory. Heinrich Burkhardt Heinrich Zangger History of gravitational theory List of coupled cousins List of German inventors and discoverers List of Jewish Nobel laureates List of peace activists Relativity priority dispute Sticky bead argument.

She has chosen the cream of her culture and has suppressed it. She has even turned upon her most glorious citizen, Albert Einstein, who is the supreme example of the selfless intellectual The man, who, beyond all others, approximates a citizen of the world, is without a home. How proud we must be to offer him temporary shelter. He was quoted as saying that improving the design and changing the types of gases used might allow the design's efficiency to be quadrupled.

Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. JSTOR Royal Astronomical Society. Archived PDF from the original on 20 December Retrieved 20 December National Academy of Sciences. Archived from the original on 20 December Longman Pronunciation Dictionary 3rd ed. Pearson Longman. Modern Atomic and Nuclear Physics. World Scientific.

New York: Walker. Nobel Prize. Archived from the original on 3 July Retrieved 11 July The Atlantic. Archived from the original on 12 May Retrieved 23 August Boyer; Melvyn Dubofsky Oxford University Press. The accelerating universe" PDF. Nobel Media AB. Archived from the original PDF on 16 May Archived from the original on 1 January Retrieved 24 November Physics Today.

Bibcode : PhT Bibcode : Natur. Archived from the original on 9 November Retrieved 21 February Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 6 March Retrieved 7 March Archived from the original on 26 January Retrieved 13 February Einstein: His Life and Universe. Parker University of Pavia. Retrieved 7 January Retrieved 5 January Prometheus Books.

Retrieved 8 August Bloom, Howard 30 August Extract of page Physics in Perspective. Bibcode : PhP Scientific American Blog Network. Archived from the original on 17 October Retrieved 17 October Women's Studies International Forum. Archived from the original PDF on 19 January Retrieved 19 October Archived from the original PDF on 11 August Retrieved 11 August Translated by Smith, Shawn.

Berner Zeitung in German. Bern, Switzerland. Archived from the original on 16 April Retrieved 11 April Einstein's Berlin: In the footsteps of a genius. Archived from the original on 5 January Retrieved 17 August Archived from the original on 4 October Retrieved 4 October The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 10 January Archived from the original on 18 April NatGeo TV.

Archived from the original on 23 September Retrieved 9 August The Jerusalem Post JPost. Retrieved 29 August Hindustan Times. New York: Simon and Schuster. NBC News. Archived from the original on 22 February Retrieved 15 August The Economic Times. Archived from the original on 8 February Archived from the original on 7 November Retrieved 10 August The Independent.

Archived from the original on 16 November Retrieved 10 November Einstein: A Hundred Years of Relativity. Retrieved 19 July O'Connor; E. Robertson May Archived from the original on 10 September Retrieved 27 March Archived from the original on 30 August Retrieved 9 September Archived from the original on 12 June January Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London.

Marcel Grossmann gewidmet Dedicated to my friend, Dr. Marcel Grossmann ". Clegg, Brian ed. Albert Einstein, in Second Physics: The 50 most fundamental concepts in physics, each explained in half a minute. London: Ivy Press. Einstein Online in German and English. Archived from the original on 21 August Archived PDF from the original on 9 September Retrieved 4 August Retrieved 21 December By an application of the theory of relativity to the taste of readers, today in Germany I am called a German man of science, and in England I am represented as a Swiss Jew.

CRC Press. Archived from the original on 22 November Retrieved 22 November Archived from the original on 31 January Retrieved 9 July Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 21 July Archived from the original on 21 February Retrieved 13 July Archived from the original on 8 June After contributing to the theoretical development of nuclear physics and encouraging F.

Roosevelt to start the Manhattan Project, he later spoke out against the use of nuclear weapons. Einstein was born 14 March , in Ulm the German Empire. Aged 15, the family moved to Milan, Italy, where his father hoped Albert would become a mechanical engineer. His teachers found him dim and slow to learn. Part of the problem was that Albert expressed no interest in learning languages and the learning by rote that was popular at the time.

It bored me. The teachers behaved like Feldwebel sergeants. I wanted to learn what I wanted to know, but they wanted me to learn for the exam. At the age of 12, Einstein picked up a book on geometry and read it cover to cover. He became fascinated by maths and taught himself — becoming acquainted with the great scientific discoveries of the age.

Eventually, he was asked to leave by the authorities because his indifference was setting a bad example to other students. He applied for admission to the Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich. His first attempt was a failure because he failed exams in botany, zoology and languages. However, he passed the next year and in became a Swiss citizen.

At college, he met a fellow student Mileva Maric, and after a long friendship, they married in ; they had two sons before divorcing several years later. In Einstein renounced his German citizenship to avoid military conscription. For five years he was stateless, before successfully applying for Swiss citizenship in After graduating from Zurich college, he attempted to gain a teaching post but none was forthcoming; instead, he gained a job in the Swiss Patent Office.

While working at the Patent Office, Einstein continued his own scientific discoveries and began radical experiments to consider the nature of light and space. In addition to working on his PhD, Einstein also worked feverishly on other papers. In , he published four pivotal scientific works, which would revolutionise modern physics. He took Austrian-Hungary citizenship to accept the job.

In , he returned to Germany and was appointed a director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physics. From this Quantum Theory, other inventors were able to develop devices such as television and movies. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in